In between the zone of Alpine orogeny and North Sea Basin subsidence, highlands resulting from an earlier orogeny (Variscan) remained, such as the Ardennes, Eifel and Vosges. The station is located in the area of the Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund (Karlsruhe transport association, KVV) and it belongs to fare zone 540. Like in the Obersee, the flow the Rhine can be traced in the Untersee. This was followed by embankment of the major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries, which took place in the 11–13th century AD. The Albula draws its water mainly from the Landwasser with the Dischmabach as the largest source stream, but almost as much from the Gelgia, which comes down from the Julier Pass. Nordwestlich von Emmerich, an der Loops, oxbows, branches and islands were removed along the Upper Rhine so that there would be uniformity to the river. Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution. In northwest Europe, it saw two very cold phases, peaking around 70,000 BP and around 29,000–24,000 BP. Near Sargans a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley and then through Lake Walen and Lake Zurich into the Aare. From the Eocene onward, the ongoing Alpine orogeny caused a north-south rift system to develop in this zone. Since the Peace of Westphalia, the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France and Germany. The flow of cold, grey mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. In Mainz, the Rhine leaves the Upper Rhine Valley and flows through the Mainz Basin. At about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor, causing it to be subducted under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the Alpine Orogeny of the Oligocene and Miocene Periods. The Rhine: an eco-biography, 1815–2000. Seattle: University of Washington Press. google_ad_channel = ""; Seattle: University of Washington Press. The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in "Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland (1036.20 km). Until 1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles). The shape of the Rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations: first, at Millingen aan de Rijn, the Rhine splits into Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal, which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren, and second near Arnhem, the IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Spanish is with French in adopting the Germanic vocalism Rin-, while Italian, Occitan and Portuguese retain the Latin Ren-. With its outstanding architectural monuments, the slopes full of vines, settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes, the Middle Rhine Valley can be considered the epitome of the Rhine romanticism. 450-1100)-language text, Articles containing Romansh-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Transalpine Gaulish-language text, Articles containing Old High German (ca. The largest and southern main branch begins as Waal and continues as Boven Merwede ("Upper Merwede"), Beneden Merwede ("Lower Merwede"), Noord ("the North"), Nieuwe Maas ("New Meuse"), Het Scheur ("the Rip") and Nieuwe Waterweg ("New Waterway"). Photo Details The Seerhein emerged in the last thousands of years, when erosion caused the lake level to be lowered by about 10 metres. In the southern North Sea, due to ongoing tectonic subsidence, the coastline and sea bed are sinking at the rate of about 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) per century (1 metre or 39 inches in last 3000 years). Cologne became acknowledged, as a city by the Romans in AD 50, by the name of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium. The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer (a former bay), while the Nederrijn carries approximately two-ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the Waal. die Ruhr und die Lippe. Rhinens længde er siden 1939 blevet opmålt med den særlige målestok "Rhinen-km", som begynder ved Rhin-broen i Konstanz (0 km) indtil udløbet ved Hoek van Holland (1.036,2 km). The Beneden Merwede branches off, near Hardinxveld-Giessendam and continues as the Noord, to join the Lek, near the village of Kinderdijk, to form the Nieuwe Maas; then flows past Rotterdam and continues via Het Scheur and the Nieuwe Waterweg, to the North Sea. Since then, during glacial times, the river mouth was located offshore of Brest, France and rivers, like the River Thames and the Seine, became tributaries to the Rhine. 2002: 54, Cioc, Mark. The variants of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the language name Rēnos, which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek Ῥῆνος (Rhēnos), Latin Rhenus. the Lower Rhine flows within Germany until, all parts of the Delta Rhein flows within the Netherlands until they enter the, This page was last edited on 7 March 2021, at 01:34. However, this name is also used for the river delta where the Rhine flows into Lake Constance, so it is clearer to call the larger one Rhine-Meuse delta, or even Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, as the Scheldt ends in the same delta. The Rhine carries very large amounts of debris into the lake. Here the High Rhine ends. Added on 03/12/2020 by Rizzo Immobilien GmbH. In northern Europe, the North Sea Basin had formed during the Triassic and Jurassic periods and continued to be a sediment receiving basin since. The Cadlimo Valley in the canton of Ticino is drained by the Reno di Medel, which crosses the geomorphologic Alpine main ridge from the south. Vespasian had commanded II Augusta, before he became emperor. Since approximately 600,000 years ago, six major glacial periods have occurred, in which sea level dropped as much as 120 m (390 ft) and much of the continental margins were exposed. By the 6th century, the Rhine was within the borders of Francia. Coeval absolute sea-level rise and tectonic subsidence have strongly influenced delta evolution. Before the St. Elizabeth's flood (1421), the Meuse flowed just south of today's line Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea and formed an archipelago-like estuary with Waal and Lek. Main-Strom km 0,00 bis 2,89. Tiefenkarte des Rhein / Herausgeber: Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsamt Rhein / Ausgabe vom: 06.08.2020 / alle Angaben ohne Gewähr Messung vom 18.04.2018 Rhein-km 507,0 - 508,0 . Nach diesen Markierungen richten sich die Schifffahrt und alle Behörden. Rhein was released on 7 … Many rivers have been closed ("dammed") and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders. [note 6], The grammatical gender of the Celtic name (as well as of its Greek and Latin adaptation) is masculine, and the name remains masculine in German, Dutch and French. The rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region, such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised. Like the Upper Rhine, the Lower Rhine used to meander until engineering created a solid river bed. Nevertheless, the Alpine Rhine is considered the main branch, because it is longer. The upper Rhine and upper Danube are easily crossed. A curiosity of this border line is that the parts of the city of Mainz on the right bank of the Rhine were given to Hesse by the occupying forces in 1945. The river traverses the southern, which, in isolation, is sometimes called Rhinesee ("Lake Rhine"). As northwest Europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward, frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s), and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the Dutch border. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather often. Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in Germany, crosses the 400-metre-wide (1,300 ft) river. Moderne und stilvolle 3.5-Zi.-Gartenwohnung mit Tiefgaragen-Parkplatz. It was made navigable to the Swiss town of Rheineck. industrialisiert, besonders im Ruhrgebiet und in den Gebieten umKöln und A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna, stretched across middle Europe, from Asia to the Atlantic Ocean. [note 3], The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin is due to the influence of Greek orthography, while the vocalisation -i- is due to the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as *Rīnaz, via Old Frankish giving Old English Rín,[3] The Rhine emerges from Lake Constance, flows generally westward, as the Hochrhein, passes the Rhine Falls, and is joined by its major tributary, the Aare. The northern Alps were then drained by the Danube. The Rhine flows into it from the south following the Swiss-Austrian border. Allgemeines. Similar to many ships designed in Germany at that time, Rhein was supposed to be equipped with a diesel propulsion plant. 54, Cioc, Mark. Die Quelle des Rheins liegt am Tomasee im Kanton Graubünden, dessen Ausfluss The Radolfzeller Aach adds large amounts of water from the Danube system to the Untersee. The first urban settlement, on the grounds of what is today the centre of Cologne, along the Rhine, was Oppidum Ubiorum, which was founded in 38 BC by the Ubii. The valleys are separated by the Rofla Gorge and Viamala Gorge. Das WSA Oberrhein ist auf rund 320 Flusskilometern zuständig für die Bundeswasserstraße Rhein von Rhein-km 170,000 am Dreiländereck zwischen Deutschland (Weil am Rhein), der Schweiz (Basel) und Frankreich (Huningue) bis Rhein-km 493,500, d. h. bis kurz vor die Mündung des Mains bei Mainz. The Rhine: an eco-biography, 1815–2000. For flood protection reasons, the Meuse was separated from the Waal through a lock and diverted into a new outlet called "Bergse Maas", then Amer and then flows into the former bay Hollands Diep. The Upper Rhine had been part of the areal of the late Hallstatt culture since the 6th century BC, and by the 1st century BC, the areal of the La Tène culture covered almost its entire length, forming a contact zone with the Jastorf culture, i.e. [18] Tulla is considered to have domesticated the Upper Rhine, a domestication that served goals such as reducing stagnant bogs that fostered waterborne diseases, making regions more habitable for human settlement, and reduce high frequency of floods. Traditionally, Lake Toma near the Oberalp Pass in the Gotthard region is seen as the source of the Anterior Rhine and the Rhine as a whole. zur Verfügung steht. the total discharge of the Rhine is subject to significant fluctuations, and average values cited vary between sources; the total discharge taken into account here consists of: The Rhine only has an official length scale (, The Rhine is cited as the "twelfth-longest river of Europe", The Rhine was not known in the Hellenistic period. Er The English Channel, the Irish Channel and most of the North Sea were dry land, mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower than today. The culminating point of the Anterior Rhine's drainage basin is the Piz Russein of the Tödi massif of the Glarus Alps at 3,613 metres (11,854 ft) above sea level. Lake Untersee is part of the border between Switzerland and Germany, with Germany on the north bank and Switzerland on the south, except both sides are Swiss in Stein am Rhein, where the High Rhine flows out of the lake. Large cities that are situated on the Rhine: Smaller cities that are situated on the Rhine: During its course from the Alps to the North Sea, the Rhine passes through four countries and constitutes six different country borders. Düsseldorf. Erst seit 2013 gibt es die entsprechenden Schilder an der alten Rheinbrücke in Konstanz, wo der Beginn des heute gültigen Kilometrierungssystems ist – und nicht am Frauenpfahl, wie vorher viele vermutet hatten. Into it flow tributaries from the south, some longer, some equal in length, such as the Rein da Medel, the Rein da Maighels, and the Rein da Curnera. At this time, the plain of the Lower Rhine was the territory of the Ubii. Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in the Migration period, by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of Francia on the Lower Rhine, Burgundy on the Upper Rhine and Alemannia on the High Rhine. As a result of increasing land clearance (Bronze Age agriculture), in the upland areas (central Germany), the sediment load of the Rhine has strongly increased[28] and delta growth has speeded up. Thereafter, canals were dug, bends were straightened and groynes were built to prevent the river's channels from migrating or silting up. For example, the upper Germanic peoples combined into the Alemanni. At present, the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam. Because the levees are some distance from the river, at high tide the Lower Rhine has more room for widening than the Upper Rhine. As sea-level rise continued in the Netherlands, the formation of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta began (~8,000 years ago). In Bonn, where the Sieg flows into the Rhine, the Rhine enters the North German Plain and turns into the Lower Rhine. The river is significantly shortened from its natural course due to a number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century. The Alpine Rhine begins in the westernmost part of the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and later forms the border between Switzerland to the west and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the east. Understand []. 2002. Als Mittelrhein wird der ca. The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps. Der Rhein (rätoromanisch Rein, schweizerdeutsch Rhy, französisch Rhin, ripuarisch Rhing, niederländisch Rijn) ist eine der am stärksten befahrenen und bedeutendsten Wasserstraßen Europas.Von der Quelle bis zur Mündung hat er eine Gesamtlänge von ungefähr 1.320 km, 883 davon sind schiffbar. Above this point is the extensive catchment of the headwaters of the Rhine. The watershed of the Rhine reaches into the Alps today, but it did not start out that way. Many local fields have an official name containing this element. This discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709 by river engineering works including the digging of the Pannerdens canal and the installation, in the 20th century, of a series of weirs on the Nederrijn. The numerous historic castles in Rhineland-Palatinate attest to the importance of the river as a commercial route. The Rhine is one of the four major rivers taking their source in the Gotthard region, along with the Ticino, Rhône and Reuss. In the centre of Basel, the first major city in the course of the stream, is located the "Rhine knee"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from west to north. For most of its length, the Seerhein forms the border between Germany and Switzerland. In Wesel, 30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the western end of the second east–west shipping route, the Wesel-Datteln Canal, which runs parallel to the Lippe. The present Mediterranean Sea descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. The cut-off Old Rhine at first formed a swamp landscape. Here a number of river islands occur, locally known as "Rheinauen". These state projects were part of the advanced and technical progress going on in the country alongside the industrial revolution. 22,000–14,000 yr BP, when ice-sheets covered Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland and the Alps, but left the space between as open tundra. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about 1,230 km (760 mi),[note 1][note 2] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s (100,000 cu ft/s). Today, the Upper Rhine area hosts many important manufacturing and service industries, particularly in the centers Basel, Strasbourg and Mannheim-Ludwigshafen. The Old English river name was variously inflected as masculine or feminine; and its Old Icelandic adoption was inflected as feminine.[5]. The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural. Vereinigung von Vorderrhein und Hinterrhein bei Reichenau bis zur Einmündung in The hydrography of the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJssel, Linge, Vecht, etc.) Much of the discharge was routed to the Rhine and its downstream extension. 2002. The number was reduced to four as more units were moved to the Danube. Among the largest and most important cities on the Rhine are Cologne, Düsseldorf, Rotterdam, Strasbourg and Basel. Bei Bonn, an der Mündung der Sieg tritt der Mittelrhein The middle flow begins as Nederrijn, then changes into Lek, then joins the Noord, thereby forming Nieuwe Maas. In southern Europe, the stage was set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, with the opening of the Tethys Ocean, between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates, between about 240 MBP and 220 MBP (million years before present). Legally, the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine. According to the label, the wine has 9.5% ABV. The Aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m (14,022 ft) summit of Finsteraarhorn, the highest point of the Rhine basin. Since the Rhine contributes most of the water, the shorter term Rhine Delta is commonly used. Rhein. Rhein — German Tier IV aircraft сarrier.. A light fleet carrier design developed during World War II that was set to go into serial production. Later an artificial ditch of about two km was dug. The Germanic populations of these lands seem in Roman times to have been scanty, and Roman subjects from the modern Alsace-Lorraine had drifted across the river eastwards. dabei von 252 m auf 76 m. Die größten Zuflüsse sind Elz, Kinzig, Murg ind Ill. An der mittleren Brücke in Basel geht der Hochrhein in den Oberrhein über. By 9000 BP, Europe was fully forested. Not long before Tulla went to work on widening and straightening the river, heavy floods caused significant loss of life. [25] In the Miocene period, the watershed of the Rhine reached south, only to the Eifel and Westerwald hills, about 450 km (280 mi) north of the Alps. fließt nun über 300 km nach Norden durch die Oberrheinische Tiefebene und fällt The Rhine: an eco-biography, 1815–2000. The Rhine then had the Sieg as a tributary, but not yet the Moselle. This also became the subject of a film, The Bridge at Remagen. The Confederation of the Rhine was established by Napoleon, as a French client state, in 1806 and lasted until 1814, during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the First French Empire. and smaller rivers and streams. The Rhine is the longest river in Germany. Since ~3000 yr BP (= years Before Present), human impact is seen in the delta. [note 1]. Die Ufer sind größtenteils stark besiedelt und It descends from 395 m to 252 m. Some stretches of the High Rhine between Stein am Rhein and Eglisau form the border between Switzerland on the south bank and Germany in the north. The Rhine-Meuse Delta, the most important natural region of the Netherlands begins near Millingen aan de Rijn, close to the Dutch-German border with the division of the Rhine into Waal and Nederrijn. By the Pliocene period, the Rhine had captured streams down to the Vosges Mountains, including the Main and the Neckar. Der Rhein hat eine Gesamtlänge von 1.232,7 km,.Davon liegen in der Schweiz 376 km (davon ein Großteil des inkl. The large sediment loads are partly due to the extensive land improvements upstream. This might explain the confusing naming of the various branches. Ab der For a time, the Rhine ceased to be a border, when the Franks crossed the river and occupied Roman-dominated Celtic Gaul, as far as Paris. RES NOVA. The High Rhine is characterized by numerous dams. The Rhine flows from the Alps to the North Sea Basin. zwischen der Mündung der Nahe bei Bingen und der Mündung der Sieg gegenüber von This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the German Rhineland and the Netherlands and eventually empties into the North Sea. Untersee 170 km langen Hochrheins an der Grenze zu Deutschland), 695,5 km in Deutschland (davon liegen 182 km an der Grenze zu Frankreich; zählt man den Hochrhein inkl.Untersee dazu, erhält man für Deutschland 865,5 km) und 161,2 km in den Niederlanden. Mosel (PDF, intern) km 0 (Mündung Rhein) bis km 242 (Apach) Neckar (PDF, intern) km 0 (Mündung Rhein) bis km 202,9 (Plochingen) Oder (PDF, intern) km 542,0 (Staatsgrenze Polen/Deutschland - Mündung der Neiße) bis km 704,50 (Staatsgrenze Deutschland/Polen - Abzweigung Westoder) Seattle: University of Washington Press. The northwestern part of the estuary (around Hook of Holland), is still called Maasmond ("Meuse Mouth"), ignoring the fact that it now carries only water from the Rhine. in den Deltarhein über. The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia. Die größten Nebenflüsse sind The Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century. From 1421 to 1904, the Meuse and Waal merged further upstream at Gorinchem to form Merwede. One source is Lai da Tuma (2,345 m (7,694 ft))[14] with the Rein da Tuma, which is usually indicated as source of the Rhine, flowing through it. Auf einer Länge von 167 km fällt er dabei von 395 m auf 252 m. Bei Schaffhausen liegt der Rheinfall, der zweitgrößte Wasserfall Europas. The whole stretch of the Anterior Rhine to the Alpine Rhine confluence next to Reichenau in Tamins is accompanied by a long-distance hiking trail called Senda Sursilvana.[16]. Earlier work under Frederick the Great surrounded efforts to ease shipping and construct dams to serve coal transportation. zurück als bei Mittel und Hochrhein, so dass dem Niederrhein bei Hochwasser mehr Flutraum Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains. During this time, the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean. From the death of Augustus in AD 14 until after AD 70, Rome accepted as her Germanic frontier the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube. A sudden massive expansion of the Black Sea as the Mediterranean Sea burst into it through the Bosporus may have occurred about 7500 BP. In the local Alemannic dialect, the singular is pronounced "Isel" and this is also the local pronunciation of Esel ("Donkey"). [25] Direct human impact in the delta began with the mining of peat for salt and fuel from Roman times onward. The Romans kept eight legions in five bases along the Rhine. Since that time, the Rhine has added the watershed above Lake Constance (Vorderrhein, Hinterrhein, Alpenrhein; captured from the Rhône), the upper reaches of the Main, beyond Schweinfurt and the Moselle in the Vosges Mountains, captured during the Saale Ice-age from the Meuse, to its watershed. Ungefähr 3.000 km Deiche schützen Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland, it is along the Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg. 750-1050)-language text, Articles containing Middle Dutch (ca. Unlike the Alpine Rhine and Upper Rhine, it flows to the west.
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