It never reconvened: Verres considered the case that Cicero presented against him during the first hearing so compelling that he went into voluntary exile. Soon after the first hearing (actio prima), Verres withdrew into voluntary exile; he was found guilty in absentia without the need for a second hearing (actio secunda). M. Tullius Cicero. in Cicero. While Rome stood in contact with the wider, Greek-dominated world of the Mediterranean from early on (witness the legend of Aeneas arriving in Italy after the destruction of Troy, as preliminary step towards the foundation of the city), it had no military presence in the Greek East until the end of the third century BC. Time was precious: he was aware of the fact that the defence wanted to delay the trial until the following year. But potestas is Cicero's version of what happened at Lampsacus is the centrepiece of the first oration he prepared for the second hearing (i.e. Welch unsagbares Verbrechen. p. 508, v. Imperium. In a society that placed a premium on esteem for magistrates, this would have meant a powerful boost to Verres' cause. In particular, it would put the judges at the same level as the defendant. changes, storing new additions in a versioning system. THE FOURTH BOOK OF THE SECOND PLEADING IN THE PROSECUTION OF VERRES. given by Thucydides in his sixth and seventh books. (Devices that sustain this illusion include direct addresses to the audience, in particular the defendant, members of the jury, or opposing advocates, orders to the clerk to read out documents, and the use of deictic pronouns such as iste that suggest the presence of the person thus referred to.) The Structure of Cic. The speech of M. T. Cicero as the advocate of P. Quinctius. At various places in the Verrines, he boasts about the speed with which he marshalled evidence. "5 Cicero's rationale for publishing the speeches against Verres in written form was most likely complex and will have involved his desire to consolidate his standing as an orator and the wish to broadcast the enormous amount of work he had put into the trial. Section 4 explores some pertinent issues in late republican history. Cicero beschreibt die vernachlässigten Äcker Siziliens. Diplomatic activity within and across provinces was fairly intense. • Son of the senator C. Verres and (arguably) one Tadia • Largely known from Cicero’s speeches in 70 B.C. "16 In the Orator, a rhetorical treatise he wrote in 46 BC, Cicero seems to imply that Hortensius never gave a formal speech in reply and only cross-examined some witnesses during the first hearing (Orat. Background to the case. All provinces were required to submit tribute to Rome, which was collected by the so-called publicani ("tax-farmers").33 The nature of the Roman presence varied greatly across the provinces. reicht Cicero als Anwalt der Städte Siziliens die Klage gegen Verres bei dem zuständigen Gerichtshof ein. The passage under discussion here is no exception. Cicero's report of Verres' looting of artworks and his narrative of the Lampsacus affair are both fraught with pathos, meant to generate indignation, if not downright outrage, at Verres' conduct. have heard the story from our boyhood told far more beautifully than any Sicilian Verres' legateship in the Greek East fell into a period marked by much unrest across the entire region. Greek words Νέα πόλις, as Tyche is the Greek About sixty of the 110 days he had available, he spent on a trip to Sicily, priding himself on "the speed of his return" (Ver. It would have been Cicero’s practice in any case to work up extensive written notes for a speech before its oral delivery — which of course does not mean that he read from a script in court — and he most likely had his contribution to the actio secunda more or less ready to go by the time the trial began.21. Text als pdf. In outline, we have the following corpus: Cicero only decided to publish a selection of his speeches.19 The fact that he circulated all the speeches to do with the trial of Verres indicates his high opinion of the set and his belief in their value as documents of self-promotion. The Verrines are full of magnificent passages that illustrate Cicero at his best: as a superb raconteur who generates a gripping story out of precious few facts; as a heavy-hitting cross-examiner who lays into his adversaries with a remorseless flurry of rhetorical questions; as a master in the projection or portrayal of character (so-called ethos or ethopoiea) and the manipulation of emotions (so-called pathos); and, not least, as a creative individual gifted with an impish imagination who knows how to entertain. Each section is supposed to give easy access to pertinent contextual information, with a sprinkling of references to works of secondary literature for those who wish to pursue a specific aspect further. True, consistency of character was an important argument in Roman law courts — anyone who could be shown to have a criminal record was considered more likely to have perpetrated the crime for which he was on trial, whereas an unblemished past could be marshalled in support of a plea of innocence. The first such permanent criminal court or tribunal (quaestio perpetua) was the quaestio de repetundis, which was set up in 149 BC to deal with acts of embezzlement by Roman magistrates. The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd revised edition, edited by S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, Oxford, 2003) offers good overviews of the lives and careers of Marcus Tullius Cicero and Gaius Verres.6 About the former we know more than about any other person from antiquity, mainly from his own writings; about the latter we know very little beyond what Cicero tells us in the Verrines. The so-called Verrine Orations thus comprise the Divinatio in Caecilium ("Preliminary hearing against Caecilius"), which won him the right to act as prosecutor of Verres; the decisive speech he gave during the first hearing (in Verrem 1); and the material Cicero prepared for the second hearing, repackaged into five undelivered orations (in Verrem 2.1-5). state, whatever might be the extent of that power; in its narrower signification, Dieses Studium veranlasste ihn höchstwahrscheinlich dazu, […] :) jo271 Das kann man so an sich nicht sagen. Ant. Your current position in the text is marked in blue. As already mentioned, Verres and his supporters tried to prolong the trial until the following year. onto the 'friends' later on in the trial, but for now, their involvement. 9 Theoractus seems a sort of nickname, to indicate his insanity, text Ver. 2 The Latin word in each case is potestas. bis 43 v. Chr. The driving forces and motivations behind Rome's imperial expansion have been the subject of much controversial debate.31 But whatever the intent, by the time of the Verrines, the rise of Rome from a town on the Tiber to the centre of an empire that spanned the entire Mediterranean world was by and large complete. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. Dieses Material bietet ein Arbeitsblatt inkl. As a countermove and to accelerate proceedings, Cicero broke with conventions in his opening speech: instead of a lengthy disquisition setting out all of the charges (oratio perpetua), followed by a prolonged hearing of supporting witnesses, he quickly and summarily sketched out each of the charges and produced a limited number of supporting witnesses. As fans of the 1980s British sitcom Yes Minister by Antony Jay and Jonathan Lynn will know, the personnel of modern democratic nation-states involved in government consists in part of publicly elected politicians, who are voted into (and out of) office from time to time, and the bureaucratic functionaries of the civil service, whose positions are permanent, i.e. other Roman terms, had both a wider signification and a narrower one; in its wider It was advantage as, or rather greater advantages than Cicero in this respect, for we Click anywhere in the This may sound perverse, but Cicero was an absolute genius when it came to the ‛tactical’ (mis-)representation of evidence. being restored under the superintendence of Quintus Catulus, to whom that office The full power of the tribunes was restored. In the main, however, Cicero built his career, and even more so his legacy, on supreme ability in the realms of language, literature, and thought. But in the larger scheme of things, Ver. When it comes to the depiction of character, Cicero likes to paint in black and white. Yet after the so-called "First Illyrian War" (229 BC) matters proceeded quickly. Verr. Capitol had been burnt in the civil war between Marius and Sulla, and it was now It is therefore unwise to take anything he says about the character of any of his seemingly sociopathic villains at face value — including Verres. Cicero also knows how to underscore the reliability of his two prime witnesses: P. Tettius and C. Varro, who both served on the staff of Nero (§ 71). Auf dieser Übersichtsseite haben wir alle lateinischen Texte und deren Übersetzungen des römischen Autors “Cicero” aufgeführt. See Ovid Fasti, iv. Die durch die Cicero ganz modern. In 70 BC Cicero, who had served as quaestor in Sicily five years previously, was commissioned by the Sicilians to prosecute the island's former governor, Gaius Verres, for corruption. ich bräuchte dringend eine Interpretation des folgenden Textauszugs aus Ciceros Verres-Reden (II, 4), da mir die Zusammenhänge nicht ganz klar sind. Spezialgebiet in Latein 2007 von Thomas Doblhoff Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero, der im Jahre 106 v. Chr. Ich weiss nicht, welchen Namen ich nun nennen soll. Throughout the Verrines (though not in the passage under consideration here) Cicero plays on a sense of constitutional crisis.41 It was part of a larger strategy "to make Verres' guilt matter", not least for purposes of self-promotion.42. for instance, to quaestors and tribunes of the people; and potestas and imperium are often opposed In addition, the portion of text under consideration here includes two paragraphs that are especially designed to appeal to the emotions. These included the nomination of Verres' former quaestor Quintus Caecilius Niger as a rival prosecutor, which meant that Cicero had to argue for the right to bring Verres to justice in a preliminary hearing (he obviously won). Section 2 takes a look at the circumstances of the trial and situates the chosen passage within the corpus as a whole. 1903. Verr. it was on the one hand equivalent to imperium and on Cicero, In Verrem 2.1.53 ff. 2.1), from which our passage comes, contains an exhaustive discussion of Verres' career before he took on the governorship of Sicily. As M. Alexander points out, he was "put in the invidious position of having to reply to charges that had not been fully argued, and while [he] probably had a good idea of the arguments which Cicero would be making at the second hearing, he would not have wanted to give credence to them by stating them himself, and then trying to refute them. It could not be held or exercised within the Verres' pockets were sufficiently deep for an extensive campaign of bribery. in Arpinium bei Latium geboren wurde gehörte dem Handelsadel an und hatte dadurch gute Vorraussetzungen politisch Karriere machen zu können. Cicero in Verrem (alle Kapitel) 1. A map of all locations mentioned in the text and notes of the Aetia. Welche Stilmittel hat Cicero vor allem in den Texten gegen Verres oft verwendet? This is followed by an account of the infamous episode at Lampsacus, which revolves around an unsuccessful attempt to abduct and rape a local woman that resulted in the death of a Roman official, provincials pushed to the brink of rioting, and judicial murder. None of this mattered: at the actual trial, Cicero triumphed resoundingly by out-witting, out-preparing, and out-talking the opposition. Antony, back in power, ordered his execution. VERRES. The Content of Cic. In 69, Hortensius, one of his advocates, and Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus, one of his main friends and supporters, would have been consuls, and M. Caecilius Metellus (a brother of the aforementioned Metellus) would have presided over the extortion court as praetor. It is true that the person of Verres was sufficiently inviting as a subject for ridicule. "By chance" (casu), a great number of embassies from the towns Verres had ravaged happened to be in Rome at the time, and Cicero describes heart-wrenching scenes of Greek ambassadors setting eyes on long lost treasures, often statues of gods and goddesses of profound religious value and significance, breaking down on the spot, in public, in worship and tears. In Verrem ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily.The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedileship, paved the way for Cicero's public career. The gerundive phrase de repetundis means, literally, "about matters that need to be recovered", so the quaestio de repetundis was a standing criminal court that heard cases of corruption or misconduct in office and concerned itself especially with the recovery of extorted money. Cicero: In Verrem II.1 66-67. Examples of minor characters include envoys (legati) from Asia and Achaia (§ 59), Ianitor, Verres' host in Lampsacus (§§ 63-4), the Roman citizens who were in Lampsacus for business reasons (§ 69), the Roman creditors of the Greeks (§ 73), one of whom acts as accuser of Philodamus (§ 74), and the praefecti and tribuni militares of Dolabella (§ 73). In Verrem "Against Verres" is a series of juridical orations given by Cicero, who was serving as Prosecutor in a trial against the corrupt governor of Sicily, Verres. But in what war? Text als pdf. 2.5.5. No clear consensus has emerged, not least since his practice will most likely have differed from case to case, ranging from almost instant release with only minor adjustments to significant revision and publication several years after the original delivery.20 The speeches that Cicero prepared for the second hearing belong to those that he anyway never gave, so here the question is moot. city.”—Smith, Dict. In dieser Rede begründet Cicero, wieso er der bessere Ankläger im Prozess gegen Verres sein würde. Some of the more high ranking staff was elected, but the pro-magistrate had by and large a free hand in selecting whom he wanted to take along in what capacity. This introduction contains some background material designed to aid in the understanding of the rhetorical and historical dimension of the chosen passage. Many, but by no means all, cases that came before the quaestio de repetundis involved the exploitation of provincial subjects by Roman magistrates. In the aftermath of the trial, Cicero not only published the Divinatio in Caecilium and the speech he gave during the actio prima (commonly labelled in Verrem 1), but also the five speeches he had prepared for the actio secunda (in Verrem 2.1-5). 3 … conferred by a special law, and was limited, if not by the terms in which it was After reading the passage, are you convinced that Cicero has proved Verres' guilt? Cicero erzählt den Richtern, dass das Ansehen des römischen Volkes vermindert wurde, weil nicht nur die Gastfreundschaft, sondern auch die Ehre der unsterblichen Götter verletzt wurde. The first speech intended for the second hearing (Ver. "40 Cicero obliquely links the case at hand to this imminent judicial reform, thereby putting his individual stamp on a watershed-year in Roman history. This work is licensed under a In 70 BC, when Gnaeus Pompeius and Marcus Licinius Crassus shared the consulship for the first time, Rome's rising star in oratory, Marcus Tullius Cicero, successfully prosecuted Gaius Verres on the charge of misconduct, especially extortion, during his term as governor of Sicily (73-71 BC). Links to resources for finding sight reading passages of moderate difficulty, most with glosses. time, any goblets made in imitation of his, whether of wood, silver, or glass, Even in the case against Verres, where he acted as prosecutor, he stressed that he entered into the fray as an advocate of the Sicilians. His luck ran out when Octavian and Antony joined forces. *A MUST WATCH *REINHARD BONNKE (R.I.P)-THE MOST POWERFUL SPEECH THAT BROKE THE INTERNET - Duration: 11:03. Ancient rhetorical theory identified three main modes of persuasion: a speaker could prove his points or render his arguments plausible by means of logos (that is, reasoning, analysis and argument), ethos (that is, the characters of the individuals involved in the trial, especially that of the defendant and the speaker), or pathos (that is, strong emotions roused by the speaker in his audience).25 The chosen passage showcases Cicero's resourceful handling of all three modes. In fact, what brought Verres to Lampsacus was an embassy to two kingdoms bordering on the Roman province of Asia, a journey Verres undertook, so Cicero insinuates spitefully but not necessarily correctly, entirely for personal profit. Ich komme nun zu dessen Hobby, wie er es selbst nennt, zur Krankheit und Wahnsinn, wie es seine Freunde nennen und zur Räuberei, wie es die Sizilianer nennen. Cicero spricht über mythologische Ereignisse auf der Insel Sizilien. Cicero won the case against major resistance. Likewise, there was the prospect of a more favourable jury (that is, one more liable to corruption) since several of the chosen jury members were due to leave Rome in 69 BC to take up offices, ruling them out of jury duty.15 At one point, when it looked as if the ploy were to succeed, a third brother, L. Caecilius Metellus, who had taken over the governorship of Sicily from Verres as pro-praetor, tried to intimidate the Sicilians against giving testimony against Verres, boasting somewhat prematurely that Verres' acquittal was certain and that it was in the Sicilians' own interest not to cause difficulties. That assessment, though, may have been somewhat premature as further military adventures and significant territorial gains continued to happen afterwards. but there was in Italy.I admit that; a great and formidable war. conferred, at least by usage. Public speaking is designed to persuade an audience of a specific point of view. The so-called Verrine Orations thus comprise the Divinatio in Caecilium ("Preliminary hearing against Caecilius"), which won him the right to act as prosecutor of Verres; the decisive speech he gave during the first hearing (in Verrem 1); and the material Cicero prepared for the second hearing, repackaged into five undelivered orations (in Verrem 2.1-5).4 The dissemination of this corpus of speeches constituted an unprecedented enterprise, "the largest single publication of [his] entire career, if not the biggest such undertaking in the first century B.C. Such commissions could be either ad hoc or permanent ("standing"). being derived from Θεός, God, and ῥήγνυμι, to break; while Theomnastas derived from had been entrusted by the senate. What audiences find persuasive differs from culture to culture and, within a given culture, from one setting to another. 2.1, in the trial as a whole this particular oration (and hence the Lampsacus episode as well) is a bit of a sideshow. Musterlösung zur Übersetzung und Interpretation der Rede von Cicero. Thus it seems that potestas, like many In 167 BC, the Greek historian Polybius considered Rome's conquest of Greece (and the known world more generally) an accomplished fact. Cicero also spends some time on Verres' worthless entourage, notably Rubrius. To provide readers of Greek and Latin with high interest texts equipped with media, vocabulary, and grammatical, historical, and stylistic notes. im Zusammenhang mit einem Repetundenprozess gegen den Adligen Gaius Verres, einen korrupten ehemaligen Statthalter der Provinz Sizilien, verfasste. 2.1.53 ff. Perseus provides credit for all accepted Hintergrund dieser Furcht war, dass Sulla während seiner Diktatur (82 - 79) die Macht der Senatoren gestärkt hatte; nun gingen aber Pompeius und Crassus daran, dem Volk wieder mehr Macht zu geben. Full search A keynote of the speech (2.1: Neminem vestrum ignorare arbitror, iudices) is that Cicero's audience is in the know: Verres' shenanigans, trickery, and attempts at deception cannot fool them.29 But since his guilt is so glaring and well-established, a verdict of innocent would reveal the judges inevitably as corrupt and unfit for their role. In all of his published orations, Cicero maintains the illusion that the text is the record of a performance. in league with him; he is not alone in this conspiracy. Click anywhere in the The senatorial monopoly of criminal jurisdiction was terminated. 4 The dissemination of this corpus of speeches constituted an … That in the war of the runaway slaves Sicily was delivered by your valour? or as we might say, Newtown, from the On the basis of some minor military victories, he unsuccessfully petitioned his senatorial peers for the right to celebrate a triumph. Thus he calls the period he requested for gathering evidence "astonishingly brief" (Ver. Cicero in Verrem. We encounter: In addition to provincial governors and their staff, Cicero also mentions Romans who had come to Asia independently to pursue business interests. In § 69, he reports that Roman citizens in Lampsacus on business successfully intervened when the local mob was trying to burn down the house in which Verres stayed. His service as quaestor under the consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo came to an abrupt and disgraceful end when he scarpered with the public money entrusted to him (some half million sesterces) to Carbo's enemy Sulla.8 And a couple of years later he repaid the support he had enjoyed as legate under Gnaeus Dolabella in Cilicia by acting as prime witness in the extortion trial that Dolabella faced upon his return to Rome.9 Complaints about his abuse of power dogged his governorship in Sicily throughout his term in office, even necessitating the (futile) intervention of a consul in 72 BC. Dickinson College CommentariesDepartment of Classical StudiesDickinson CollegeCarlisle, PA 17013 USAdickinsoncommentaries@gmail.com(717) 245-1493, The Trial of Verres and Cicero's Speeches, Service as quaestor under the consul Cn. annually a fixed sum as tribute; vectigales, those Cicero becomes. When all is said and done, so Cicero claims repeatedly, Verres is unable to explain why what occurred did occur. quaestio (from quaero + tio) refers, in its most basic sense, to "the act of searching" and then came to mean "judicial investigation, inquiry" and, more specifically, "a commission appointed to try certain cases of serious public crimes" (Oxford Latin Dictionary s. v. 4).
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