[60] Alexander's sacking of Thebes ensured that Greece remained quiet during his absence. KINGS of MACEDON. Along the way his army conquered the Malhi (in modern-day Multan) and other Indian tribes and Alexander sustained an injury during the siege. [b] At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Beas River. [69] In the following year, 332 BC, he was forced to attack Tyre, which he captured after a long and difficult siege. [220][221] He apparently had two sons, Alexander IV of Macedon by Roxana and, possibly, Heracles of Macedon from his mistress Barsine. Biôgrafia; Rohy ivelany. A considerable accession of power was granted him after the death of Philip, son of Machatas; and he was allowed to retain his authority at the death of Alexander himself (323 BC), as well as in the subsequent partition of the provinces at Triparadisus, 321 BC. Mag. [253] Several Buddhist traditions may have been influenced by the ancient Greek religion: the concept of Boddhisatvas is reminiscent of Greek divine heroes,[255] and some Mahayana ceremonial practices (burning incense, gifts of flowers, and food placed on altars) are similar to those practised by the ancient Greeks; however, similar practices were also observed amongst the native Indic culture. [82] During his stay in Egypt, he founded Alexandria-by-Egypt, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic Kingdom after his death. [174], Alexander's death was so sudden that when reports of his death reached Greece, they were not immediately believed. [63] Greeks used the word Margites to describe fool and useless people, on account of the Margites. [241][242][243][244], Libanius wrote that Alexander founded the temple of Zeus Bottiaios (Ancient Greek: Βοττιαίου Δῖός), in the place where later the city of Antioch was built. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand war elephants. [112] Alexander sent back vast sums from his conquest, which stimulated the economy and increased trade across his empire. "[53] At Corinth, Alexander took the title of Hegemon ("leader") and, like Philip, was appointed commander for the coming war against Persia. He eventually turned back at the demand of his homesick troops, dying in Babylon in 323 BC, the city that he planned to establish as his capital, without executing a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia. [150] However, in a 2003 BBC documentary investigating the death of Alexander, Leo Schep from the New Zealand National Poisons Centre proposed that the plant white hellebore (Veratrum album), which was known in antiquity, may have been used to poison Alexander. Campaigning against the Greek city of Perinthus, Alexander is reported to have saved his father's life. Alexander endeavoured to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and invaded India in 326 BC, winning an important victory over the Pauravas at the Battle of the Hydaspes. Suspicion has fallen upon Alexander, Olympias and even the newly crowned Persian Emperor, Darius III. [254] The resulting syncretism known as Greco-Buddhism influenced the development of Buddhism[citation needed] and created a culture of Greco-Buddhist art. Alexander Husum (født 16. marts 1997 [kilde mangler]) er en dansk internetpersonlighed, influencer, iværksætter og foredragsholder. [43], In summer 336 BC, while at Aegae attending the wedding of his daughter Cleopatra to Olympias's brother, Alexander I of Epirus, Philip was assassinated by the captain of his bodyguards, Pausanias. After this, details on the fate of the tomb are hazy.[165]. Join Facebook to connect with Alexander Zaglmaier and others you may know. For those peculiarities which many of his successors and friends afterwards tried to imitate, namely, the poise of the neck, which was bent slightly to the left, and the melting glance of his eyes, this artist has accurately observed. During the ensuing Battle of Chaeronea, Philip commanded the right wing and Alexander the left, accompanied by a group of Philip's trusted generals. At Termessos, Alexander humbled but did not storm the Pisidian city. [192], According to Plutarch, among Alexander's traits were a violent temper and rash, impulsive nature,[201] which undoubtedly contributed to some of his decisions. [238] That this export took place is undoubted, and can be seen in the great Hellenistic cities of, for instance, Alexandria, Antioch[247] and Seleucia (south of modern Baghdad). [154] Veratrum album poisoning can have a prolonged course and it was suggested that if Alexander was poisoned, Veratrum album offers the most plausible cause. [281], In Hindi and Urdu, the name "Sikandar", derived from the Persian name for Alexander, denotes a rising young talent, and the Delhi Sultanate ruler Aladdin Khajli stylized himself as "Sikandar-i-Sani" (the Second Alexander the Great). [7], Alexander was born in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon,[8] on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC, although the exact date is uncertain. Having damaged the enemy's cohesion, Philip ordered his troops to press forward and quickly routed them. It is a compound of the verb ἀλέξειν (aléxein; 'to ward off, avert, defend') and the noun ἀνήρ (anḗr, genitive: ἀνδρός, andrós; meaning 'man'). [49] Alexander spared Arrhidaeus, who was by all accounts mentally disabled, possibly as a result of poisoning by Olympias. [175][201] His unique abilities were further demonstrated by the inability of any of his generals to unite Macedonia and retain the Empire after his death—only Alexander had the ability to do so. [215], Alexander married three times: Roxana, daughter of the Sogdian nobleman Oxyartes of Bactria,[216][217][218] out of love;[219] and the Persian princesses Stateira II and Parysatis II, the former a daughter of Darius III and latter a daughter of Artaxerxes III, for political reasons. Alexander Pinillo (26 de febrero de 1995, Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador) es un futbolista ecuatoriano. Anuncios relacionados con: Duke Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg wikipedia. For other uses, see. [71] According to the story, Alexander proclaimed that it did not matter how the knot was undone and hacked it apart with his sword. When the Thessalians awoke the next day, they found Alexander in their rear and promptly surrendered, adding their cavalry to Alexander's force. The Athenians, led by Demosthenes, voted to seek alliance with Thebes against Macedonia. Darius fled the battle, causing his army to collapse, and left behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, and a fabulous treasure. The Greek cities on the western coast of Anatolia revolted until the news arrived that Philip had been murdered and had been succeeded by his young son Alexander. Ptolemy IX Lathyros, one of Ptolemy's final successors, replaced Alexander's sarcophagus with a glass one so he could convert the original to coinage. [156], Several natural causes (diseases) have been suggested, including malaria and typhoid fever. Etymology. [261] The emperor Trajan also admired Alexander, as did Nero and Caracalla. According to Diodorus, Alexander's last plans called for military expansion into the southern and western Mediterranean, monumental constructions, and the intermixing of Eastern and Western populations. [204], Alexander was erudite and patronized both arts and sciences. [193], Ancient authors recorded that Alexander was so pleased with portraits of himself created by Lysippos that he forbade other sculptors from crafting his image. [195] Lysippos' sculpture, famous for its naturalism, as opposed to a stiffer, more static pose, is thought to be the most faithful depiction. [266][267], Arrian wrote that Aristobulus said that the Icarus island (modern Failaka Island) in the Persian Gulf had this name because Alexander ordered the island to be named like this, after the Icarus island in the Aegean Sea. [129] Alexander reached Susa in 324 BC, but not before losing many men to the harsh desert. When "his engineers pointed out to him that because of the height of the mound it would be impossible... this encouraged Alexander all the more to make the This text underwent numerous expansions and revisions throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages,[272] containing many dubious stories,[270] and was translated into numerous languages. [88] Alexander stayed in Persepolis for five months. [132][133] As a gesture of thanks, he paid off the debts of his soldiers, and announced that he would send over-aged and disabled veterans back to Macedon, led by Craterus. His official historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, was implicated in the plot, and in the Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian states that Callisthenes and the pages were then tortured on the rack as punishment, and likely died soon after. The end of Thebes cowed Athens, leaving all of Greece temporarily at peace. [184], Alexander earned the epithet "the Great" due to his unparalleled success as a military commander. [144][147] The accounts were nevertheless fairly consistent in designating Antipater, recently removed as Macedonian viceroy, and at odds with Olympias, as the head of the alleged plot. He was the son of the king of Macedon, Philip II, and his fourth wife, Olympias, the daughter of Neoptolemus I, king of Epirus. In the process, both Alexander IV and Philip III were murdered. [241] The temple was designed by Pytheos, one of the architects of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. [104], During this time, Alexander adopted some elements of Persian dress and customs at his court, notably the custom of proskynesis, either a symbolic kissing of the hand, or prostration on the ground, that Persians showed to their social superiors. [48] He also had two Macedonian princes from the region of Lyncestis killed, but spared a third, Alexander Lyncestes. [204] Nevertheless, Plutarch described how Alexander was infatuated by Roxana while complimenting him on not forcing himself on her. Apart from a few inscriptions and fragments, texts written by people who actually knew Alexander or who gathered information from men who served with Alexander were all lost. [12] Plutarch stated that Philip, overjoyed at this display of courage and ambition, kissed his son tearfully, declaring: "My boy, you must find a kingdom big enough for your ambitions. [16] Contemporaries who wrote accounts of his life included Alexander's campaign historian Callisthenes; Alexander's generals Ptolemy and Nearchus; Aristobulus, a junior officer on the campaigns; and Onesicritus, Alexander's chief helmsman. He had a great desire for knowledge, a love for philosophy, and was an avid reader. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. [84] Darius once more fled the field, and Alexander chased him as far as Arbela. [177] Diodorus, Curtius and Justin offered the more plausible story that Alexander passed his signet ring to Perdiccas, a bodyguard and leader of the companion cavalry, in front of witnesses, thereby nominating him. Instead, they supported Alexander's half-brother Philip Arrhidaeus. [37] The marriage made Alexander's position as heir less secure, since any son of Cleopatra Eurydice would be a fully Macedonian heir, while Alexander was only half-Macedonian. [59] This was due to use of terrain, phalanx and cavalry tactics, bold strategy, and the fierce loyalty of his troops. Irish playwright Aubrey Thomas de Vere wrote Alexander the Great, a Dramatic Poem. [60] Alexander had no obvious or legitimate heir, his son Alexander IV by Roxane being born after Alexander's death. [126], As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. [250] The close association of men from across Greece in Alexander's army directly led to the emergence of the largely Attic-based "koine", or "common" Greek dialect. [175], During his final years, and especially after the death of Hephaestion, Alexander began to exhibit signs of megalomania and paranoia. [161][162] According to Aelian, a seer called Aristander foretold that the land where Alexander was laid to rest "would be happy and unvanquishable forever". In the spring of 335 BC, he advanced to suppress several revolts. Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days. The cosmopolitan art and mythology of Gandhara (a region spanning the upper confluence of the Indus, Swat and Kabul rivers in modern Pakistan) of the ~3rd century BC to the ~5th century AD are most evident of the direct contact between Hellenistic civilization and South Asia, as are the Edicts of Ashoka, which directly mention the Greeks within Ashoka's dominion as converting to Buddhism and the reception of Buddhist emissaries by Ashoka's contemporaries in the Hellenistic world. [102], In 329 BC, Spitamenes, who held an undefined position in the satrapy of Sogdiana, betrayed Bessus to Ptolemy, one of Alexander's trusted companions, and Bessus was executed. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20. [192], Historian and Egyptologist Joann Fletcher has said that Alexander had blond hair. Alexander Alexandrovich Murski (Russian: Александр Александрович Мурский) (1 November 1869 – April 1943) was a Saint Petersburg, Russian-born German actor.Murski died in 1943 in Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France. [273], Alexander features prominently in modern Greek folklore, more so than any other ancient figure. Alexander Zaglmaier, Actor: SOKO Kitzbühel. [16], When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. This page was last edited on 2 November 2020, at 11:23. Alexander replied that since he was now king of Asia, it was he alone who decided territorial divisions. When Philip heard of this, he stopped the negotiations and scolded Alexander for wishing to marry the daughter of a Carian, explaining that he wanted a better bride for him. [60], According to ancient writers Demosthenes called Alexander "Margites" (Greek: Μαργίτης)[61][62][63] and a boy. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. [17] Alexander named it Bucephalas, meaning "ox-head". Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's pan-Hellenic project to lead the Greeks in the conquest of Persia. [214] Thus, rather than megalomania, his behaviour may simply have been a practical attempt at strengthening his rule and keeping his empire together. [148][157], Alexander's sexuality has been the subject of speculation and controversy in modern times. Their works are lost, but later works based on these original sources have survived. Following the conquests of Alexander the Great in the east, Hellenistic influence on Indian art was far-ranging. [199][203] However, he had little interest in sports or the Olympic games (unlike his father), seeking only the Homeric ideals of honour (timê) and glory (kudos). The Macedonians quickly begged forgiveness, which Alexander accepted, and held a great banquet for several thousand of his men at which he and they ate together. None of Alexander's contemporaries, however, are known to have explicitly described Alexander's relationship with Hephaestion as sexual, though the pair was often compared to Achilles and Patroclus, whom classical Greek culture painted as a couple. [116] A fierce contest ensued with the Aspasioi in which Alexander was wounded in the shoulder by a dart, but eventually the Aspasioi lost. Biôgrafia; Rohy ivelany. Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) Aelian writes of Alexander's visit to Troy where "Alexander garlanded the tomb of Achilles, and Hephaestion that of Patroclus, the latter hinting that he was a beloved of Alexander, in just the same way as Patroclus was of Achilles. This ensured that Alexander would not be outflanked, while his phalanx, armed with long pikes, had a considerable advantage over the Persians' scimitars and javelins.
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